الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 173 |  |  |
| | | from | 173 | | |
Abstract
Organophosphorous pesticides (OPs) are the main class of insecticides that used around the world and they are considered as a major cause of death in the developing countries (Tuzmen et al., 2008).
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the extensively used OPs in agriculture due to its moderate toxic effect on mammals comparing to other pesticides (Cometa et al., 2007). CPF was bioactivated by cytochrome p450 and other enzymes, which are found in microsomal membranes of the liver, to its oxygen analogue, chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPFO). CPFO is acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. So, it causes accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) in the synaptic cleft which leads to overestimation of postsynaptic cells and toxicity (Goel et al., 2007).
The other mechanism of action that causes CPF toxicity is oxidative stress. Oxidative stress means the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant defense system. So, this induces lipid peroxidation, elicit damage to proteins and DNA (Lukaszewicz-Hussain, 2013).
There are two systems in humans and animals to fix the destruction caused by ROS. The first one is the enzymatic system such as: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The second system is the non-enzymatic which includes many vitamins such as C, E and A and reduced glutathione (GSH). Both of the two systems work together to protect body against ROS (Rahman, 2007).
One of the natural products is flaxseed oil (FO) which is used in the diet in many countries due to its health benefits. FO has a high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and phytoestrogens termed lignans. The dominant PUFA in FO is α-linolenic acid (ALA) followed by linoleic acid (LA) with percentage of 57% and 16 %, respectively. ALA and LA could be converted to long chain metabolites such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) which were suggested to have many health benefits (Mason & Thompson, 2014). FO plays an important role as anticancer, antiviral and anti-inflammatory (Moniem et al., 2010).
Introduction
2
Brian is one of the primary affected organs by OPs toxicity. Cerebral cortex and hippocampus are among the brain areas affected by the cholinesterase inhibiting chemicals (Gupta, 2004).
Testis has a high membrane lipid content and that make it more sensitive to oxidative stress (Sai et al., 2014). OPs have the ability to disturb the hypothalamus-pituitary endocrine function that make alternations in gonadotropins concentration (Joshi et al., 2007).
OPs have antigondal action by affecting the pituitary gland that change gonadotrophins concentration and changing the neurotransmitter concentration (Fattahi et al., 2009).