الفهرس 
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Abstract
Cancer treatment is one of the main challenges that face the scientific centers all over
the world. The cancer incidence percentage increases year after year. The most used
treatment for cancer is chemotherapy which is an application of systemic cytotoxic drug
inside the patient. There are two main problems in chemotherapy that the cytotoxic (anti -cancer) drug is given systematically and cannot be localized in the tumor region (non-specificity) in most cases that lead to destroy the cancer cells as well as normal cells; and
that cause the chemotherapy side effects like anemia, decrease in all blood cells count and
platelets, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hair and nails loss and may cause a kind of blood
toxicity.
The adverse side effects from conventional therapies and the resulting patient
discomfort have encouraged researchers to explore site-specific therapies with the aid of
magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) .Since the idea of site-specific therapy is to restrict
treatment to the cancer site, thereby minimizing side effects and patient discomfort,
magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) are an attractive option because it based on the
localized heating of tumors.
In the present work, magnetic fluid hyperthermia involves dispersing magnetic
nanoparticles (Fe3O4) throughout the tissue culture cell line (HeLa cells) and then exposed
to ultrasound energy to cause the particles to heat by magnetic hysteresis losses or Néel
relaxation. Iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation method where
aqueous Fe
2+
/Fe
3+
salt solutions of molar ratio 1/2 and by the addition of a base(NaOH)
under inert atmosphere (N2) at 80
º
C temperature .
In the present study, the prepared iron oxide nanoparticles were characterized and
investigated in terms of morphology by scanning and transmission electron microscope, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern in order to evaluate crystalline state and studying the
magnetic properties of the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles.
Our results show that, the diameters of iron oxide nanoparticles samples prepared
were sharp distributed size of 10 nm. SEM micrograph of the iron oxide nanoparticles
showed that the shape was completely spherical; the particle diameters for iron oxide
nanoparticles were in the range of (7-10) nm. Also, crystallinity studied for iron oxide
nanoparticles using X-rays diffraction pattern revealed that spectra were characteristic for
iron oxide.
In the present work, hyperthermia treatment of cancer cells (HeLa cells) using
ultrasound waves in the presence of iron oxide nanoparticles was investigated.
The experimental results showed that:
Hyperthermia generated by ultrasound waves produce mild cytotoxicity effect on HeLa
cells.
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have more significant cytotoxicity effect on HeLa
cells especially in higher concentrations (200 & 400µg/ml). The combination of hyperthermia produced by ultrasound waves with the SPIONs
causes a significant increase in the cytotoxicity effect on HeLa cells.
The ultrastructural changes reflected inertial ultrastructural destruction to nuclear and
cell organelles of HeLa cells.