الفهرس 
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Abstract
Poultry industry is considered one of the most important industries in Egypt and it affects in the national income. This industry faces some problems, mycotoxicosis is one of them. Mycotoxicosis is a disease caused by consumption of ration contaminated with mycotoxins which are secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic fungi under certain conditions such as humidity and bad storage conditions.
Aflatoxin and ochratoxin affect poultry productivity; therefore this work was designed to study their effects on broiler chickens (on the body weight, hemogram, serum biochemistry, cellular and humoral immunity, cytogenesis and histopathology). In addition, study the efficacy of HSCAS in reduction of the toxic effects of aflatoxin and ochratoxin.
140 one-day-old chicks were divided into 5 equal groups treated as follows:
The first group, kept as control and received ration mixed with toxin free Y.E. broth 50 ml/kg ration.
The second group, received ration mixed with 2.5 mg aflatoxin present in 50 ml Y.E. broth/kg ration.
The third group, as the second group and treated with 1% HSCAS mixed with the ration.
The fourth group, received ration mixed with 1 mg ochratoxin present in 20 ml Y.E. broth /kg ration + 30 ml toxin free Y.E./kg ration.
The fifth group, as the fourth group and treated with 1% HSCAS mixed with the ration.
The experiment continued for 32 days in which clinical sings were observed and recorded and hemogram, serum biochemistry, humoral and cellular immunity, cytogenesis and histopathology were studied.
Results revealed that clinical signs observed in toxins (aflatoxin and ochratoxin) receiving birds were depression, diarrhoea, reduction of food consumption and body weight. Hemogram showed decrease in RBCs and WBCs counts, Hb % and PCV values in toxins receiving birds. Differential leucocytic count showed heteropenia, lymphopenia and monocytopenia in aflatoxin and ochratoxin receiving birds. Serum biochemistry denoted increased activities of hepatic and CK enzymes, decreased values of total proteins, albumin and globulins in toxins receiving birds indicating the hepatic damage. Uric acid and creatinine were increased in ochratoxin receiving birds and birds received aflatoxin showed increase of uric acid values indicating the renal damage.
Both aflatoxin and ochratoxin suppressed humoral and cellular immunity.
Cytogenetical examination of birds received toxins showed that both aflatoxin and ochratoxin caused cytogenetical alterations which were more pronounced with ochratoxin receiving birds.
Histopathological examination revealed that aflatoxin and ochratoxin affected badly the organs of liver and kidneys and caused less alteration in spleen and bursa tissues.
Reduction of the toxic effects of aflatoxin and ochratoxin was a target of the study by using of 1% HSCAS which was added to the toxin contaminated diets. HSCAS supplementation to aflatoxin contaminated diet caused relative improvement in the clinical signs, body weight, mortalities, hematological, biochemical and cytogenetic alterations and diminished the aflatoxin toxicity. Therefore, HSCAS can be considered an integrated approach for the control of aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens.
Dietary HSCAS added to ochratoxin contaminated diet improved the clinical signs, body weight reduction and mortalities observed to be less pronounced. Partial improvement in leucogram alterations caused by ochratoxin had been found associated with dietary HSCAS. Hepatic enzymes activities and CK enzyme activity showed valuable improvement as they return to be within normal at the end of experiment (except AST activity) by using of HSCAS. Using of HSCAS improved the functional status of the kidney which represented by the values of uric acid and serum creatinine as they were within normal range in almost different times of the experiment. On contrary, HSCAS wasn’t effective against hypoproteinemia, erythrogram, immunological and cytogenetical alterations. HSCAS can be used in control of ochratoxicosis.
Dietary HSCAS was more efficient in control of aflatoxicosis than ochratoxicosis.
The present study reveals that aflatoxicosis and ochratoxicosis cause serious effects on different poultry systems which are reflected badly on poultry productivity.
Therefore, more attention must be paid for the quality of feed consumed by poultry and all efforts must be taken to prevent fungal growth and mycotoxin production.