الفهرس 
Water quality.Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
El-Bahr El-Pharaony Drain was dugpreviously to irrigate agricultural lands in parts of Al-Bagour, Ashmone and Menouf cities then it becomes a reservoir or tank for irrigation drainage at El-Menoufia Governorate. It covers about 32 Km, the width of the El-Bahr El-Pharaony Drain ranged between 100-300 meter and the total area approximately 2500 acres. It is considered one of the important sources of fisheries in Menoufia governorate since it produced around 2675 tons of fish per year besides thewater is reused to irrigate agricultural land for many of the villages and cities of the province.El-Bahr El-Pharaony Drain which was in the past a source of aesthetic pleasure for people, has converted into a dumping pitdue to non-availability of proper drainage system for industrial units and housing societies established along its banks. The ever-growing level of pollution in El-Bahr El-Pharaony Drain is posing serious threats to human health besides making the water harmful for irrigation and fisheries purposes. So the present work was designated for evaluating the water quality, physical and chemical properties of El-Bahr El-Pharaony Drain water and for assessing the levels of heavy metal ions (Fe+2, Mn+2, Zn+2, Cu+2, Ni+2, Cr+2, Co+2, Cd+2 and Pb+2) in water, sediment and fish (O. niloticus) of El-Bahr El-Pharaony Drain to determine the suitability of its water for irrigation and aquatic life utililzations. The present work includes three chapters; a brief description of these chapters is given as follow: The first chapter is related to introduction of the thesis where the environmental status of El-Bahr El-Pharaony Drain is given from the historical background and the literature survey for physico-chemical studies of water. The second chapter contains the experimental parts including sampling techniques, description of the selected and investigated sampling stations and describing the methods applied to determine the physical and chemical parameters in water, sediment and fish. The third chapter includes the obtained results and their discussion and data analysis as the following during the period of study. Discussion of the obtained results can be summarized as follow: Water analysis 1- Water temperature depends upon the climatic conditions and air temperature and it ranged between (15.2 - 32°C) while the maximum water temperature was recorded at stations (2-7) during summer and the lowest water temperature value (15.2 C) was recorded at station (1) during winter. 2- Transparency was affected by domestic sewage, industrial and agricultural effluents and fluctuated between (10 -65 cm) with maximum value during winter at station 6 and the minimum value recorded at station (7) during spring. 3- The total solids were affected greatly by discharged effluents and the obtained values were in the range of 1090. 6 - 1604.8 mg/l for different stations. 4- The total dissolved solids (TDS) values fluctuated between (955 – 1416mg/l). The maximum value of TDS was recorded during winter at station (5) while the minimum value was recorded during spring at station 7 . 5- The total suspended solids also, were affected by agricultural and domestic effluents discharged into El-Bahr El-Pharaony Drain and the obtained values were in the range of 37.9 - 366.6mg/l. 6- Electrical conductivity depends on the concentration of total dissolved solids in the water body and it varies between (1440-2060μS/cm). The maximum value was recorded at station (5) during winter while the minimum value was recorded during spring at staion 7. 7- pH values were in the alkaline side (7.85 - 8.66). The maximum pH value recorded at station (3) during autumn.Whilethe minimum value of pH recorded at station (7) during spring. 8- Dissolved oxygen values (DO) ranged between (4.42-15.61mg/l). The highest values of DO concentrations found during spring at station 5whilethe minimum value of dissolved oxygen recorded at station 7 in the same season. 9- The biological oxygen demand values fluctuated between (1.8-13 mg/l). The maximum value recorded at station 5 during spring and the minimum value recorded at station 1 during winter. 10- The chemical oxygen demand values fluctuated between (3-19.1 mg/l). The maximum value of COD recorded at station (5) during autumn season and the minimum value recorded at station (6) during winter. 11- Major anions showed elevated values in the most polluted area along El-Bahr El Pharaony Drain while the lowest values were recorded in the clear areaand the obtained results as follow: a) Carbonate values ranged between 0.0-59.4mg/l b) Bicarbonate values ranged between 179-594 mg/l c) Chloride values ranged between 94.7-245 mg/l d) Sulphate values ranged between 62.1-298.3mg/l. 12- Major cations showed similar trends as major anions where elevated values were recorded in the polluted area along El Bahr El Pharaony Drain while the lowest values were recorded in the clear area and the results as follow : a) Calcium concentrations varied between (17.2- 67.2 mg/l). The maximum value was recorded at station 7 during spring while the minimum value was recorded at station 2 in summer. b) Magnesium values ranged between (47-110.2 mg/l). The maximum value recorded at station 5 during winter and the minimum value was recorded at station 7 in spring. c) Sodium values ranged between (92.9-136.6mg/l). The high value of sodium content was recorded during summer season at station 2 while the lowest value of sodium content was recorded during winter season at station 7. d) Potassium values ranged between (14.40-27.19 mg/l). The highest values of potassium recorded during spring at station 7and the lowest value of K+ concentrations was during autumnat station 1. 13- The nutrient salts concentrations depend on the drain effluents and phytoplankton community at different locations. a) The nitrite values fluctuated between (0-401.5) μg/l. c) The ammoniaconcentrations ranged between (102.7- 8746.5) μg/l. d) The orthophosphate concentrations fluctuated between (5.5-86.5) μg/l. While the total phosphorous concentrations fluctuated between (30.5- 1107.9) μg/l. e) The silicate concentrations ranged between (5.1-26.6) mg/l. 14- The heavy metal concentrations increased at stations (2), (5) and (7), due to different effluents of agricultural, industrial and domestic wastes (station 2), the cheese factory (station 5), rubbish dumb and Menouf Water Purification Company (station 7).The heavy metals results can be summarized as: a) The iron concentrations fluctuated between (57.60-2780.60) mg/l. b) The manganese concentrations fluctuated between (1.60-720) μg//l. c) The copper concentrations fluctuated between (ND - 13.6) μg/l. d) The zinc concentrations fluctuated between (3-222) μg/l. e) The nickel concentrations fluctuated between (ND-33) μg/l. f) The chromium concentrations fluctuated between (1- 60.8) μg/l. g) The cobalt concentrations fluctuated between (4.2- 49.1) μg/l. h) The lead concentrations fluctuated between (0.20-31.80)μg//l. i) The cadmium concentrations fluctuated between (ND -7) μg/l. Water quality index : According to the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCMEWQI module) the Water quality index (WQI) of El-Bahr El-Pharaony Drain changed from 52-71 and 67-74 at the different stations for aquatic life and irrigation utilizations, respectively. Water of El-Bahr El-Pharaony Drain is classified as marginal for aquatic life utilization at all stations except station 4 (which ranked as Fair). On the other hand, it classified as fair for irrigation utilization at all stations. For the whole area, the drain water was classified as marginal (WQI = 46) and fair (WQI = 67) for aquatic life and irrigation utilizations, respectively. WQI declared that El-Bahr El-Pharaony Drain may be somewhat suitable for irrigation usage but it is inappropriate habitat for aquatic life. Sediment analysis 1. The organic matter contents were fluctuated in the range of 6.3 – 20.5 % at different stations. The maximum value was found at station 6 (fish farms) during summer and the minimum value was recorded during autumn at station 2 . 2. The carbonate contents were in the range of 0.9 - 37.6 % at different stations. The maximum valuewas recorded at the station 1during springand the minimum value recorded at station 7 during spring also. 3. The maximum value of sodium content reached to 67.1 mg/g at station 7 during summer and the minimum value was 9.8 mg/g at station 4 during autumn. 4. Potassium concentrations were slightly varied among different stations and seasons. The ranges were found to be 6.5 -16.6mg/g with highest value recorded during autumn at station 5 and the lowest value was recorded during winter at station 4. 5. Heavy metals a) The iron concentrations fluctuated between (35.6-95mg/g) with maximum value at station 5 during autumn and minimum value at station 3 during spring. b) The manganese concentrations fluctuated between (334.3-604.8 μg/g)with maximum value at station 1 during autumn and minimum value at station 3 during the same season. c) The copper concentrations fluctuated between (5.1 – 127.7μg/g).The highest copper value was detected at station 3 during autumn while the lowest value 5.1 μg/g was recorded at station 4 during summer. d) The zinc concentrations fluctuated between (55.4-100.9 μg/g) and the highest zinc content in the sediment recorded during summer at station 7 and the minimum at station 4 during winter. e) The nickel concentrations fluctuated between (6.5-202.8μg/g) with its maximum value at station 1during summer and minimum at 4 during autumn. f) The chromium concentrations fluctuated between (4-188μg/g).The maximum value recorded during autumn at station 3 whilethe lowest chromium content was during summer at station 1. g) The cobalt concentrations fluctuated between (1.8-22.6μg/g). The seasonal variations revealed that the highest content of cobalt recorded during spring at station 1and the lowest content recorded during autumn at station 5. h) The lead concentrations fluctuated between (0.1-15.9 μg/g). The lead has its maximum value at station 6 during winter and the minimum value at station 1 during spring. The cadmium concentrations fluctuated between (0.4 -3.5 μg/g) while the highest value of cadmium was found during summer at station 6 and the minimum value at station 1 during spring. Fish analysis Heavy metals a) Iron: maximum level of Fe (264 ppm) was recorded in the liver and the lowest one (12.5 ppm) was found in the edible tissue (muscle). The accumulation pattern of Fe in the tissues of O. niloticus was in the following order: Liver > kidney > gills > gonads > muscle. b) Manganese: thehighest level (19.45 ppm) was in liver and the lowest value (0.24 ppm) recorded in muscle. Mn levels, and accumulation pattern were in order: liver > gills > kidney> muscle > gonads. c) Zinc:The highest concentration of Zn (34.61 ppm) was recorded in the liver and the lowest concentration (5.35 ppm) was detected in the muscle.The Zn accumulation in the different organs of O. niloticus was in the order: liver > kidney > gonads> gills > muscle. d) Copper: the accumulation pattern of Cu in the tissues of O. niloticus was in the order: liver > gills> kidney > muscle> gonads. The highest Cu content (16.82 ppm) was determined in the liver while the lowest value (0.82 ppm) was recorded in the muscle. e) Nickel: the highest content of nickel (3.52 ppm) was recorded in liver and the lowest value of nickel (0.2 ppm) was recorded in muscle.The average concentration values of nickel were detected in the following order: liver > kidney> gonads=gills > muscle. f) chromium:the highest content of chromium (3.02 ppm) recorded in kidney and the lowest value of chromium (0. 19 ppm) was recorded in muscle.The average concentrations value of chromium was detected in the following order: kidney > gills> muscle > Liver> gonads. g) Cobalt:the highest content of cobalt (3.2 ppm) recorded in kidney and the lowest value of cobalt (0.39 ppm) recorded in gills. The average concentrations value of cobalt was detected in the following order: Liver > kidney> gonads>gills> muscle. h) Lead: thehighest content of lead (7.82 ppm)detected in gills and the lowest value of lead (0.82ppm) detected in kidney.The average concentrations value of lead was detected in the following order: Liver > gills > gonad> muscle > kidney. Cadmium:thehighest content of cadmium (0.064 ppm) was found in liver and the lowest value (0.02 ppm) was found in gonads.The average concentrations value of cadmium was detected in the following order: Liver > kidney = gills > muscle > gonads. The human health risk of metals exposure through Oreochromis niloticus (the major consumed fish species from the drain) was assessed. Liver tissue of O. niloticus displays the highest accumulation potential for all analyzed trace elements (except chromium), while the muscle and gonads have poor accumulation capacity. HQ values delineated that the individual metal except cobalt (HQ=3.194) in Oreochromis niloticus do not pose any particular human health risk concern. Hazard Index value (HI=4.72), which based on combined heavy metals accumulation, indicated a possible moderate risk status. from the above mentioned results we can conclude, recommend and offer the following: a) The abnormal values of different physical and chemical parameters were recorded at stations affected by different wastes discharged from drains in the area under investigation b) The results revealed that water of El-Bahr El-Pharaony Drain may cause a potential health risk for inhabitants in cities and village around the drain, where consumption of fish inhabits in this drain and also the crops and vegetables, which are irrigated with such polluted water, become harmful for human beings. This conclusion based mainly on the deteriorate status of the drain water, which is categorized as marginal and fair with low values for aquatic life and irrigation utilizations, respectively. c) The results demonstrates that there is a potential risk from eating El-Bahr El- Pharaony Drain fish(Oreochromis niloticus as an example) according to the increase of human health risk indices of metals accumulationin muscles of Oreochromis niloticus (HI=1) andbecomes four times higher (4.72) . Based on previous results, there are somerecommended actions: a) A rapid and periodically discharge of Nile water into the drain via El- Rayah El-Menoufy to improve the water quality and prevent the continued water deterioration of El-Bahr El-Pharaony Drain in addition to a continuous monitoring and awareness creation to avert possible human health risk for fish consumption patterns in communities around the drain to alleviate an impending public health disaster. b) Preventing throwing of wastes including, industrial sewage, domestic, agricultural and animal wastes in El-Bahr El-Pharaony Drain. c) Prohibition of the construction of houses and workshops and industrial installation on El-Bahr El-Pharaony Drain. d) The necessary of application of 48/1982 law which is used for protection of Nile River and any other aquatic environment of fresh water in Egypt. e)Continous environmental studies to determine the current status of water quality and assessment of chemical and biological pollution ofwater and sediments of El-Bahr El-Pharaony Drain as well as animal pests , plant plankton and fish in it.