الفهرس 
Anatomy of the calcaneus boneOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone and has a number of important soft tissue attachments which allow for its unique weight bearing function. It is a major structural component of the longitudinal arch and lateral column of the foot. It counteracts the compressive forces exerted by the plantar fascia, tendons and ligaments during weight bearing
Fractures of the calcaneus remain among the most challenging fractures for the orthopedic surgeon to effectively manage. Calcaneal fractures account for approximately 2% of all fractures, and are the most common of tarsal bone fractures
The calcaneus is a frequently injured tarsal bone in falls from heights and trauma associated with motor vehicles and motorcycles. Approximately 75% of calcaneal fractures are intra-articular and 25% are extra-articular.
More than a few classifications have been developed during the years, but essentially calcaneal fractures can be intra-articular or extra-articular.
Assessment of patients with injuries to the hindfoot is crucial, not only for making the diagnosis in low-energy injuries, but also for staging the soft tissue injury, which is important for further management. Special attention must be paid not to overlook foot injuries in multiply injured patients.
Despite adequate reduction and treatment, fractures of the os calcis may be severely disabling injuries, with variable prognosis and degrees of functional debilitation with chronic pain issues. Treatment remains controversial, with no clear indication for operative versus non-operative treatment.
The disabilities and complications that may arise from calcaneal fractures may cause malfunction of the foot and lead to a life-altering event for some patients. Injury to the sural nerve may occur using the lateral approach, while injury to the calcaneal branch of the posterior tibial nerve may occur using medial approach. The damage can cause neuroma or loss of sensation in the affected region. Nerve entrapment of the posterior tibial nerve can occur secondary to fracture mal-union. The incidence of wound dehiscence and apical necrosis is 10 –13% and osteomyelitis is 1.3–2.5% in patients who undergo surgery. Other complications include arthritis of the sub-talar and the calcaneo-cuboid joints, mal-position due to varus deformation of the tuberosity, tendinitis or dislocation of the peroneal tendon caused by lateral impingement ,heel pain due to the crush injury to the soft tissue. , mal-union of fractures that cause pain and disability and are treated by osteotomies , heel exostosis at the plantar aspect of the heel and complex regional pain syndrome.