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Abstract According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR, APA, 2000), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) “is a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development.” There are three subtypes of ADHD that are used to diagnose individuals based on the predominant symptom pattern that has existed for at least the past 6 months (APA, 2000). Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, there are some individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivityimpulsivity, there are some individuals in whom one or the other pattern is predominant. The long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) fall into two main families: omega-3 and omega-6. The omega-3 PUFAs are derived from fish and some plants, whereas the omega-6 PUFAs are derived mainly from vegetable oil. The principal precursors of the omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs cannot be endogenously synthesized from carbohydrates (Mazza et al., 2007). Thus, the source of α-Linolenic acid (ALA) with 18 carbons, 3 double bonds, the first located at the third carbon from the last (ω) (18:3:ω3), and Linoleic acid (LA- 18:2ω6), is entirely nutritional. ALA is converted in the body to Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA-20:5:ω3), and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA- 22:6:ω3) comprising the omega-3 group. (Gadoth, 2008). Zinc is an important cofactor for metabolism relevant to neurotransmitters, prostaglandins, and melatonin, and indirectly affects dopamine metabolism. It is necessary for 100 different metalloenzymes and metal–enzyme complexes (Toren et al. 1996), many of them in the central nervous system. It contributes to structure and function of brain (Black 1998). Specific to ADHD, the dopamine transporter has a zinc binding site that blocks transport (Lepping and Huber 2010). Both animal data (Halas and Sandstead 1975; Sandstead et al. 1995; Golub et al. 1996) and human findings suggest involvement of zinc deficiency in hyperactivity. Human zinc deficiency syndrome includes concentration impairment and jitters (Aggett 1995 , Harris 1979). The aim of this study is to investigate effects of omega-3 PUFA supplementation on behavior and literacy in children 6 to 11 y old with ADHD symptoms in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. In addition, the changes in PUFA levels and their correlation with changes in behavior and literacy will be examined over 3 month. Review of the literature: The study comprises three chapters as follows : Chapter one: This chapter shows the history of the diagnosis of ADHD, the criteria for each subtype, genter differences, environmental contributions, pharmacological treatment , behavior management. Chapter two: This chapter discusses dietary influence, fatty acids, fatty acids in diet, the importance of essential fatty acids in the brain, mechanisms of action of EFA in the brain, main EFA metabolites, open-label EFA supplementation trials in ADHD, randomized controlled EFA supplementation trials in ADHD, subgroup analyses of EFA supplementation trials.Chapter three: This chapter shows zinc deficiency and ADHD, healthy diet pattern in prevention and treatment of ADHD, foods to avoid and foods preferred in children with ADHD, elimination diets. Subjects: The present study included 70 children recruited from the child psychiatry clinic at child pediatric hospital Cairo university. They were diagnosed by a psychiatridt to have ADHD according to DSM-IV criterion (APA, 1994), They were follow ups and were already under medication with methyl phenidate (Ritalin 10 mg. tablets). Children were of both sexes, with age range from 6-11 years, that were interviewed through the period from September 2014 to April 2015. In this study we made Demographic data , Dietary assessment and Dietary analysis for all children (n =70). Then we choose 30 children and divided them into 3 groups at random to make Conner’s test , Free Fatty Acids and Zinc analysis. Group (1) controls (n=10): This included 9 males and 1 females with ADHD, They were follow up cases and were under medication with methyl phenidate (Ritalin 10 mg.) . Group 2 (n=10):This included 8 males and 2 females with ADHD who were given PUFA alone |