الفهرس | Only 14 pages are availabe for public view |
Abstract Toxicity in humans is a threatening truth and much more than any disease caused by any organism as toxic substances are everywhere-in air,in water and in food.many compounds which are essential to use for human such as insecticides are widely used nowadays in veterinary prodcts to control insects on cattle,sheep,and pigs Environmental pollution including the increased use of various types of pesticides in the modern world led to a greater emphasis on the possibility of series environmental contamination arising from their use (Durham et al., 1965; Vettorazzi, 1975 and Cremlyn, 1978). These pesticides having injurious effects including damage of lung, nervous and reproductive system, dysfunction of the immune and endocrine system, birth defects and even cancer (Muhammad et al ., 2009). Among of these pesticides are cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin (LTC) represented a synthetic pyrithroid group. LTC is employed to control or treat ectoparasites with good results (kakar et al., 2009 and shah et al., 2009). The applied insecticide Lambda-cyhalothrin [a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl- 3(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] ( LTC). It is a synthetic type ii pyrethroid insecticide, yellowish brown liquid and odor harmful if inhaled or swallowed, cause moderately eyes 1 INTRODUCTION & REVIEW irritation , skin and respiratory system irritant ((Meister, 1992 and Kumar et al.,2008). LTC is effective and persistent activity against a large variety of arthropods harmful both to human and animal health, and to vegetal production (WHO, 1990). LTC is widely used in veterinary products to control lices, flies, and ticks on cattle, sheep, and pigs, as well as used in agricultural formulations to control numerous insect pests on fruits, vegetables, and field crops (Leahey, 1985; Schenone and Rojas, 1992; Davies et al., 2000 and Kroeger et al., 2003). Regarding to effectiveness and to their low toxicity, synthetic pyrethroids appear to be the first- choice insecticide for this type of use pattern because they are much more effective against a wide spectrum of pests than other insecticides particularly, organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides (Pauluhn, 1999). Lambda-cyhalothrin has the hazardous risk including irritating to eyes, skin and upper respiratory system. Ingestion of this insecticide could lead to neurological symptoms such as tremors and convulsion aspiration of the solvent in to the lungs (WHO, 1999). Due to their lipophilicity, pyrethroid insecticides favor absorption through the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts and 2 INTRODUCTION & REVIEW also confer preferential distribution into lipid-rich internal tissues, including body fat, skin, liver, kidney, ovaries and the central and peripheral nervous systems (Soderlund et al., 2002). Liver is the major site of pesticides metabolism and this soft tissue accumulates a greatest concentration of its metabolites (Rickard and Brodie, 1985). Pyrethroids affect the nervous system of the organism, it act by disruption the gating mechanism of sodium and calcium channels (Narahashi, 1996; NPTN, 2001 and Clark and Symington, 2007). Several reports have shown that pyrethroid type II insecticide exposure inhibited cell proliferation in rodent bone marrow (Celik et al., 2003 and 2005). They generated probably oxygen-reactive species (ROS) which led to oxidative stress. Many side effects of (LCT) such as noising, rolling gait, salivation in coordination progressing to causes tremors and death in rats have been reported (Righi and Palermo, 2003). In rats, LTC produced a sever syndrome characterized by salivation and choreathetosis (Martnez-Larranaga et al., 2003). Also clinical signs including salivation, licking of legs and other body parts, muscular tremors, ataxia and convulsion was observed in rabbit by (Abdul Basir, et al., 2011). |