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المستخلص This dissertation holds a title which is very important not only on the general specialization – Level (philosophy) or the sub – specialization - Level (political philosophy) but also on the level of the contemporary Living political reality. This is the case because the title revolves on searching the central political concept which occupies the thinking of the philosophers politicians and the public generally, in the past and recently, which is the concept of ”authority” where this concept has been studied and the other political concepts relating to it according to the contemporary philosopher ”Hannah ARENDT”. The dissertation consists of five chapters, introduction, conclusion, summary and abstract in Arabic and English and the index of resources and references. The dissertation occupies (243) page. The researcher used in addressing this topic both the critical analysis method and the comparative historical method to extract ARENDT’s Vision concerning ”authority”, as for its Essence, origion, function, forms and mechanisms of its practice. Also the study was established on the Texts of ARENDT in English whether they were works or articles, besides some studies related to her political philosophy. The introduction includes a definition for the research topic, its sub – issues, the importance of studying it and the ٢١٣ concepts used, in addition to the hypothesises and questions of the research, first of all – the aims of the research. In the first chapter with title (ARENDT’s method of thinking) a detailed presentation was made for the resources of influence which helped to form the methodology of Arendt in philosophizing and forming her philosophical view of the concept ”authority”. These resources are represented in Aristotle, Plato, Montesquieu and Nietzsche. After that the critical trend for Arendt was presented where she was not limited to citation or imitation. Despite she has been influenced by the ideas of the previous philosophers and the current ones, she was holder of positive critical trend by which she could employ some philosophical political ideas from the past in building her own philosophy and the related. Also the phenomenological orientation for her was explained where she perceived the efficiency of the phenomenological method for Husserl – and which has been used by the existential philosophers Heidegger and sartre and others – in revealing the essence of ”authority” and what is related to it of other political concepts such as freedom. Here the researcher can say that ARENDT’s philosophy on authority may be called ”phenomenology of authority”, finally, a concise comment on Arendt’s method in thinking. The second chapter with title (the totalitarian authority), included the study of ”authority” term in language ٢١٤ and use and clarifying the view of Arendt about the essence of Authority as its being pure human condition, as it means the ability of man not only to act but also to perform Fitted action with the others. Authority- according to her is not an individual merit, but it returns to a group and it is still existing as long as the group remained together. So the origion of authority is that ”Men should be together” which is called (Togetherness), meaning the ”public” and not the ”private” which is the source of ”power”. After that, there is a detailed presentation of Arendt’s vision of the ”totalitarian authority” where she declared her refusal to it. This is because it damages the original authority through practicing violence and terrorism. Also the totalitarian authority eliminates the inclination to freedom of man, meaning the ability to move. Also the essence of the doctorial systems in the reign was presented, such as the communist system and the Nazi system as of the relation of these systems to the totalitarian authority and the mechanisms of practicing it through the terrorism and injust procedures and exceptional laws. After that, there is a comment including an evaluation of Arendt’s position to the totalitarian authority. The third chapter with title (Ideology) included the definition of the term ”ideology” and explaining the essence of the ideological thinking which begins by presenting accepted logical statement to infer – through it – every thing included in ٢١٥ this statement. The ideological claims are composed of dispute forms which are coherent, working through linear operations. The ideological discussions almost are deductive processes based on logic. Also the term ”legitimacy” was defined in relation to the systems of government having the totalitarian Authority. The ”communism”, as an ideological model has been presented revealing the essence of dominance practiced by the systems of the dictatorial reign with ideology, then a comment clarifying the view of the researcher about Arendt’s vision on this issue. The fourth chapter, with title (the political action) included a detailed presentation of the essence of the ”political act” as its being the efforts and activities done by one group of the political groups to defend its interests, And as its being based on appearing the actor’s essence inside the act through ”speech” and ”action”. The Right of the ”political action” is ”the basis of citizenship”, and the ”political citizenship” is appeared in the collective act and through the appearance of others as Arendt’s saying. Also there is a detailed presentation of the human condition which is called ”togetherness” considering it a source of the original authority having legality and Legitimacy. Beside, the concept of ”speech” explained as a mechanism of interaction among men and showing the essence of ”activity” which is ٢١٦ needed to be done to achieve any work, then a comment on Arendt’s addressing the political act. And in the fifth chapter with title (freedom) the concept of (Freedom) was handled in language and use. The vision of Arendt of freedom was explained seeing it not as a grant or gift but it is an ”act” and acquisition and as its being (the state of the free man) who can move and get out to the ”world” for meeting others and dealing with them by ”word” and ”action”. Then the concept of ”liberation” was presented meaning to be liberated from the necessity and need – describing this as – a necessary condition for freedom in the positive meaning. Also the concept of (Constitutive act) as for positing the constitution and laws which is an ”original right for the people” expressed by the principle included (people should grant the government a constitution not the contrary), was handled, in detail. The position of ARENDT to ”the human rights” was addressed – describing them as rights that cannot be changed or amended, also they should not be taken from other rights or laws and that any authority did not participate in issuing them because man himself is their source and their main Aim. finally, there is a comment explaining the view of the researcher as for ARENDT’s vision on freedom and its relation to the authority. There is a conclusion including the most important results reached by this study |