الفهرس 
LITERATURE REVIEWOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Perhaps no c<:mntry has its economical furure and social structure as dependent on
agrarian expansion as Egyptian Region where agriculture constitutes the foundation on
which is based most of the economic activity in other ftelds such as industry and nadc.
Tracing the degree of economic equilibrium in Egypt, one can find that the
population has increased from 25 millions in 1960 to 55 millions in 1990 and is
expected to reach 70 millions in 2000. Besides, most of this population concentrates in
the Nile Valley and Delta that fonns only 3% ofthe country’s tor• I ar·ea. Moreover, the
food self-sufficiency level has fallen from about 95% in 1960 to about25% at present,
as a result ofthe rapid population increases as well as the DROP of the rate of growth of
agricultural output from 4% to 2% per annum.
The agricultural development can be achieved by the so called horizontal and
vertical extension projects. The horizontal extension projects aim at increasing the
culthtated area by reclamation of de-sert or saline mar:shy lands. This solution is rather
expensive, and the cultivated lllnd takes long time to reach its maximum productivit;.
limit. The vertical extension projects aim at raising the productivity of existing
cultivated area to its full. This solution gives quick results especially in Egypt because
productivity of agricultuml lands is still constrained due to inadequate drainage in over
two million fedans.
Fully aware of the agricultural development problem in Egypt, perfection of the
drainage system, drainage will raise the agricuillll’lJI production in a much higher rntio
than any relative horizontal extension in the cultivated area at present v~sualized.
The results of drainage are removal of excess gravity water, increasing the amount
of capillary water avejlable, increase in the volume of soil from which the roots c;f
INTRODUCTION
Perhaps no c<:mntry has its economical furure and social structure as dependent on
agrarian expansion as Egyptian Region where agriculture constitutes the foundation on
which is based most of the economic activity in other ftelds such as industry and nadc.
Tracing the degree of economic equilibrium in Egypt, one can find that the
population has increased from 25 millions in 1960 to 55 millions in 1990 and is
expected to reach 70 millions in 2000. Besides, most of this population concentrates in
the Nile Valley and Delta that fonns only 3% ofthe country’s tor• I ar·ea. Moreover, the
food self-sufficiency level has fallen from about 95% in 1960 to about25% at present,
as a result ofthe rapid population increases as well as the DROP of the rate of growth of
agricultural output from 4% to 2% per annum.
The agricultural development can be achieved by the so called horizontal and
vertical extension projects. The horizontal extension projects aim at increasing the
culthtated area by reclamation of de-sert or saline mar:shy lands. This solution is rather
expensive, and the cultivated lllnd takes long time to reach its maximum productivit;.
limit. The vertical extension projects aim at raising the productivity of existing
cultivated area to its full. This solution gives quick results especially in Egypt because
productivity of agricultuml lands is still constrained due to inadequate drainage in over
two million fedans.
Fully aware of the agricultural development problem in Egypt, perfection of the
drainage system, drainage will raise the agricuillll’lJI production in a much higher rntio
than any relative horizontal extension in the cultivated area at present v~sualized.
The results of drainage are removal of excess gravity water, increasing the amount
of capillary water avejlable, increase in the volume of soil from which the roots c;f