الفهرس 
CHAPTER IOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Narcotic agents are potent analgesics which are effective for the relief of severe pain. Analgesics are selective central nervous system depressants used to relieve pain. The term analgesic means ”without pain”. Even in therapeutic doses, narcotic analgesics can cause respiratory depression, nausea, and drowsiness. Long term administration produces tolerance, psychic and physical dependence called addiction. Analytical and toxicological studies of narcotic agents are very important in forensic medicine for discovering different crimes like sexual assault, planning killing and other types. The number of drug facilitated crimes seems to have increased during the last few years. This may be due to a better knowledge of side effects of drugs like anxiolytic or hypnotics by common people and also by an improved sensitivity of apparatus used for forensic toxicology showed by Mc Gregor, et al. (2003), Negrusz and Gaensslen, (2003). Side effects may cause constipation, lightheadedness, dizziness, drowsiness, stomach upset, nausea and flushing the first few days as your body adjusts to the medication. Analytical methods used for the quantitative determination of drugs played a significant role in evalution and interpretation of bioavailability, bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic studies, all these studies require reliable and validated analytical methods to yield reliable results that could be satisfactory interpreted. Analytical methods and techniques are constantly being changed and improved. Also, it was important to emphasize that each analytical technique has its own characteristics, which will vary from drug to drug. The studied drugs in this thesis are morphine, tramadol, nalbuphine and naltrexone.