الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Removal of axillary nodes at surgery does not affect the frequency
recurrence, the development of distant metastases, or survival rate, ever, many patients who do not have nodal metastasis are although ikely to benefit from the operation, and may ultimately have stoperative complications related to the node resection.
Lymphatic mappmg for breast cancer is rapidly becoming, the tandard of care. The driving forces behind this rapid acceptance are mainly a result of the accuracy of the procedure with a significant decrease in morbidity over the old standard of care, a levelland II node dissection. Other driving forces include economics, patient choices, and the major trend in shifting to outpatient care. Despite the rapid rise in acceptance of lymphatic mapping and SLN biopsy for staging of breast cancer, many controversial topics remain.
There were no direct relationships of smoking, alcohol, D.M .. and hypertension to the incidence of breast cancer.
The most common presenting complaint of breast cancer was the breast lump. It represented 100% of the patients in our study.
The upper lateral quadrant was the most common site of breast tumour.
In stage I & II of breast cancer, clinically positive lymph nodes was not find in 39.2% of the cases, all contralateral nodes were negative by pathology.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy had sensitivity in 89% of cases.
The study of Site of injection of methylene blue dye ’was subdermal in 40 cases (33.3%), peritumoral in 40 cases (33.3%) and Scar of previous biopsy in 40 cases (33.3%). Nodes received the methylene blue dye were +ve in 114 cases (95%) and -ve in 6 cases (5%). Allergy of the methylene blue dye noticed in 1 case (0.8%) and not in 119 cases (99.2%). Number of cases received the dye at different sites were subdermal in 39 cases (97.5%), Peritumoral in 38 cases (95%) and scar of previous biopsy in 37 cases (92.5%). Number of cases not received the dye at different sites were: subdermal in 1 case (16.7%), peritumoral in 2 cases (33.3%) and scar of previous biopsy in 3 cases (50%).
Modified radical mastectomy was the standard surgical treatment in our study
The number of sentinel lymph nodes by pathology ranged from one to four lymph nodes, one sentinel lymph nodes represented 94.4%. The number of Level I lymph nodes ranged from 1-7. The number of Level II lymph nodes ranged from 0-5. The number of Level III lymph nodes ranged from 0-4.
Sentinel lymph nodes were negative at 38.6% of cases of Stage I&II of breast cancer, this means high incidence of negative axillary nodes in early stages of breast cancer. This result supported that sentinel lymph nodes technique can replace complete axillary lymph nodes dissection to avoid its complications , this is because all cases with negative sentinel lymph node had no positive nodes at higher levels.