الفهرس 
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Abstract
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSTION
The agricultural sector has an important status in the Egyptian
national economy. It is the main source’ for food, generates a sizable
portion. of the national income, in addition to providing job opportunities
for human labor and contributes to augmenting foreign currency.
Studying production costs of field crops is very important for
taking decisions by policy makers.
Liberalization policies contributed to an increase of agricultural
income together with increasing the production costs of most of
agricultural crops, with the probable effect on economic efficiency of
producing these crops.
This study aims at investigating the production costs of some field
crops, ”maize, wheat, cotoon”, in Kalioubiya Governorate identifying
their quantitative relationships and describing the structure of production
costs. In addition the study tries to measure the relationships, between
costs and production and determining the factors effecting these relations.
Moreover, it tries to locate the levels of achieving economic efficiency.
The study was based on published and unpublished data, in
addition to data collected through a field study by a special questionnaire.
using regression analysis, cost functions for same field crops production
in Kalioubiya governorate have been estimated.
This study consists of four main chapters, an introduction, Arabic
and English summaries, Arabic and English reference lists.
The relative importance of all economic variables has increased for
all crops of the study except cotton. For the latter, the relative importance
of area, Productivity and total production had declined.
Studying the impact of the economic liberalization policy on some
of the economic variables in the agricultural sector, indicated the
existence of some side positive effects. There was an increase in the area
of maize and wheat at an annual rate of about 1.7%, 4,9% respectively all
over the Arabrepublic of Egypt and about 0.78%,3.5% in Kalioubiya
Governorate. However, the Arabarea of cotton had decreased by an
annual rate of about 0.44%, For The Arabrepublic, of Egypt, and about
6.8% For KaIioubiya Governorate during the period (1980-1996).
Productivity and total production increased annually for all crops
except for cotton. Farm prices in current terms had increased, while
measured in real terms had increased for wheat and cotton, but decreased
for maize.
In A: R. Egypt, total production costs for all crops had increased in
current terms at an annual rate of about 11.9%, 12.2% and 10.4% while
decreased in real terms. They decreased at an annual rate of about 0.87%,
0.51% and 2.8% for maize, wheat and cotton respectively.
In Kalioubiya Governorate total production costs for all crops had
increased in current terms at an annual rate of about I 1.6%, 12.1% and
10.2% as arranged, while decreased in real terms. They decreased at
annual rate of about 1.5%,0.84% and 3.1%.
Net return per feddan during the period of study had increased all
over the A.R. Egypt. for all studied crops when measured in current terms
annually by about 10.5% all maize and 4.6% for wheat and 18% for
cotton, and increase in Kalioubiya Governorate by about 6.6%, 11.5%
and 17.6% as arranged.
Estimates of the return on invested capital during the period of
economic liberalization indicates that the highest realized value was 0.88
for maize by 0.62 for cotton, followed than ~.7 for wheat.
Studying the relative importance of cost items indicated the
following:
A) For maize cost of agricultural operations amounted to about 58.6%
and rent about 41.3% of the total cost which reached about 1515.6
L.E per feddan.
B) For wheat agricultural operations about 47.4% and rent about 52.6%
of the total cost of 1600.7 L.E per feddan.
C) For cotton, agricultural operations about 54.4% and rent about 45.6%
of the total cost per feddan of about. 2278.7.L.E
D) For estimating the cost functions for the crops WIderstudy, the 3rd
degree equation was selected as it conforms with the economic
rational for wheat, maiae. For cotton a tid degree eqUIItion was
selected and a supply function was derived from the cost of
production function for wheat and maize and the value of production
inputs. These factors differ in their relative importance according to
each crop. The optimum yield had about 28.5 ardab for maize and 21
ardab for wheat and 10.5 quintar for cotton. This optimum yield
wasn’t achieved in the fields which were chosen in the studing
sample.
Estimating the production functions for the crops under studing it
showed that there was plenty of petty expenses and wages of human labor
in maize, a lot of seeds and wages of human labor in wheat.
In Cotton crop it showed that there was a plenty of cost in
mechanical, wages of human labor.
In VIew of the results obtained, the research arrives to some
recommendations. These recommendations, are :
1- The price policy should go side by side with increasing the actual
production costs.
2- raising the economic value of these crops yield may affect the average
production costs.
3- increasing the amounts of inputs of positive effect and decreasing
the amounts of inputs of negative effect on the yield of wheat and
maize to reach the optimum yield reducing the production costs to the
minimum and raising the yield to the maximum by increasing the
productivity per acre.
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SUMMARY
Through the years, there has been a continous rise in
demand for citrus fruits for both local consumption and
export. Accordingly, there have been a steady increase in
the area planted with citrus. Suitable locations for citrus
planting, within the Nile Valley and Delta are new getting
scarce. Recent plans are developed to establish large citrus
orchards on new land of different soil types generally
characterized by low fertility and classified as sandy
calcareous or saline.
Research is needed to evaluate the performance of
sour orange as well as other citrus rootstocks in these
new areas, Furthermore, cultural practices, such as irrigation
and fertilization need to be adjusted to suit such
different soil types and conditions.
Therefore, this experiment was carried out at the
experiment3l,station of the Faculty of Agriculture, Moshtohor,
Zagazig University to study the effect of irrigation regime
and potassium fertilization on the growth and mineral
content of rough lemon and sour orange seedlings grown on
calcareous soil (30 % Ca CO ) alluvial soil and synthetic
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calcareous media ( a mixture of alluvial soil and Ca CO
3
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to raise Ca CO equivalent to 30 %). Seedlings were
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transplanted in pots No 30 in March 1978 and 1979 and
maintained for the two growing seasons. Seedlings of both
rootstocks received twelve different treatments according
to irrigation system, potassium fertilization and soil
type on which they were grown. Two irrigation regimes
were applied. (a) after the loss of the available water,
pot were irrigated to raise soil moisture content up to
the field capacity extended interval) or (b)water was
applied after a loss of 50 % of the available water enough
to raise soil moisture up to the field capacity (short
interval). Accordingly the irrigation interval in the
short system was reduced to about one half, the interval
of the extended irrigation regime.
Fertilization with Nand P were done uniformly to
all pots. While potassium was applied at two levels as
follow (a) pot did not receive K and (b) pots received
2.0 g.actual K/pot yearly.
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The obtained results could be summarized as follow:-
I- Vegetative growth : A significant increase in
vegetative growth ( stem length, top dry weight, root dry
weight, total dry weight) of both rough lemon and sour
orange seedlings was resulted by either short irrigation
interval or potassium fertilization when compared with
seedlings treated by extended irrigation interval or did
not receive K fertilizer respectively during the two seasons
of this study. Top: root ratio was also increased by K
fertilizer WI.t h the two rootstocks, but the difference was
only significant with rough lemon. Regarding the effect of
the different treatments on vegetative growth, generally
the short irrigation intervalt potassium fertilizer was
superior, otherwise the extended irrigation interval
without K fertilizer was the inferior with both two
rootstocks in all soil types.
Concerning the effect of soil type on vegetative
growth, calcareous soil produced the lowest values when
compared with either alluvial soil or synthetic calcareous
media with both citrus species during the two seasons (1979,
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1980 ). Rough lemon grew better and gave more dry matter
than sour orange in calcareous soil, while in alluvial
soil they grew to comparable size.
11- Leaf and root mineral content :- Regarding the
effect of irrigation interval on mineral content, results
showed that, leaf and root mineral content of both rootstocks
generally varied from one element to another, but results
could be summarized under the following points:
1- Nitrogen % was increased by the short irrigation
interval in roots and leaves of both rootstocks. However,
magnesium increased only with sour orange.
2- Leaf phosphorus content with the two rootstocks
was increase in response to the extended irrigation interval.
3- Irrigation interval did not affect root P content
for the two rootstocks, Ca and Mg vvithroughlernon.
4- Irrigation interval had no definite trend on K
content with rough lemon, Ca in sour orange and leaf Mg
content with the two species.
5-Potassium content was increased In the leave, but
decreased in the root of sour orange in response to the
extended irrigation interval.
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b In respect to the Potassium fertilization :-
1 - N & K % were increased in leaf and root of the two
rootstocks and phosphorus with only rough lernonin response
to K application. However the same treatment decreased
phosphorus in sour orange leaves and calcium leaf content,
with the two rootstocks.
2 - Magnesium in sour orange leaves and root of both
rootstocks had no definite trend as affected by potassium
fertilizer.
3 - Phosphorus in sour orange root, Ca in root of both
two rootstocks, and Bilg in rough lemon leaves were not
affected by K fertilizer.
4 - In general it could be concluded that, the short
l,rrl,ga t li on Ii.nnt.erva 1 + K fertilizer treatment was superior
to the other treatments in increasing Nand K content, but
P, Ca and Mg did not show any specific trend with any
of the different treatments.
c.- Regarding the effect of soil type:-
1 - No specific effect was detected due to soil
type on N in rough lemon , P and Mg content with both
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two tootstocks.
2- Calcareous soil decreased N % in sour orange,
while K and Ca were increased with the two rootstocks
grown in calcareous soil.
Generally speaking, rough lemon is better
adapted to calcareous soils than sour orange, short
irrigation interval + K fertilization for rough lemon
rootstock gave the best results when grown on calcareous
soil.