الفهرس | Only 14 pages are availabe for public view |
Abstract entilator –Associated Pneumonia (VAP) is a main consequence following mechanical ventilation, and it is associated with high rate of morbidity and mortality. Intubation considered as an important risk factor in development of VAP as it provides a direct route for colonized bacteria to enter the lower respiratory tract. Other risk factors as inadequate hand washing, supine positioning of patients, and ventilator mismanagement practices had been implicated in the development of VAP. Many diagnostic techniques had been developed to diagnose VAP as Brochoalveolar-Lavage, protected specimen brush and quantitative endotracheal aspirates. Prevention of VAP in the ICU requires a multidisciplinary approach, with staff education, infection control programs, adequate staffing and antibiotic control strategies. Many organizations promote the adoption of ‗ventilator bundles‘, which include multiple elements that target reduction in the rate of VAP, one of the most famous bundles is the CDC bundles which include: Elevation of the Head Of the Bed (HOB) to 30° to 45° unless medically contraindicated Continuous removal of subglottic secretions. |