الفهرس 
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Abstract
Oregano can be considered one of the most important spices both on
Mediterranean countries and elsewhere. The Origanum species, which are rich in
essential oils, have been used for thousands of years as spices and as local medicines
in traditional medicine. Oregano, is constrained severely can summarized based on
several reports: (1) The very small size of oregano seeds (1000 seeds weigh ± 0.1-
0.2 g), and the low germination rate (2%). So today we are able to propagate
oregano (as well as other spices) by means of un rooted stem cuttings, (2) Plant
division is used traditionally to propagate oregano. however, Continuous vegetative
propagation leads to crop decline due to the accumulation in time of several
systemic fungal, bacterial, and viral infections, which leads to yield and quality
reduction, (3) Oregano species are crops for which genetic improvement is most
necessary because of their high chemical and physiological heterogeneity.
Breeding work has focus mainly on Oregano species and some hybrids, by using
chemogenetic results and male sterility as tools for controlled crossings. Results so
far are promising, Further research is, however, still needed, particularly to
investigate the species’ genetic background and the possible application of
biotechnology in this area, (4) The histological analysis has pointed out the normal
development of flower from flore primordia differentiation to gametophyte
germination and fertilization. The first stages of seed formation evolve normally but
once the globular and/or torpedo stage is reached not all embryos are able to carry
on their normal development. This results in the formation of poorly formed seeds
that are unable to germinate, (5) The degree of diversity within the genus is very
high and still little investigated, becauseToday evaluation work should be focusing
on the genetic diversity of Origanum species with special regard to their antioxidant
and antimicrobial properties. So, the aim of this study is application of different
techniques of plant biotechnology and biochemistry i.e tissue culture, in vitro
propagation of oregano, callus induction from different explants like shoot tip, stem
and leave, Study the genetic stability by SDS-PAGE protein fingerprinting technique
to compare the wild plants to the plant micropropagated in vitro, analysis and
characterization of active component that found in in vivo plant, in vitro plant and in
vitro callus to determination the type and amounts of essential oils.