الفهرس 
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMSOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The symptoms of OCD vary with the stage of the lesion. Knee effusion and synovitis are sometimes observed. Quadriceps atrophy and weakness may also develop in chronic cases. Once the osteo-articular fragment has dissecated, the loose body or the defect may be palpable. Radiographic evaluation is an appropriate first-line investigation. Some authors advocate the use of arthroscopy as a diagnostic tool in addition to MRI prior to invasive procedures. There are many classification systems for OCD.
There are many variables affecting the choice of treatment. The general rule is the younger the patient, the better the prognosis. Treatment may be conservative or surgical (open or arthroscopic). New methods of treatment include mosaicoplasty, periosteal patch or autologous chondrocyte transplantation. Mesenchymal stem cells are readily available in clinics as they can be obtained by bone marrow aspiration under local anesthesia, which involves minimal invasiveness for the patient. Thus, the possibility of their use in repairing osteochondral defects is being explored. Advances in stem cell therapy include the use of bioreactors and scaffolds for stem cell.
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