الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This study aimed to explain the normal musculoskeletal ultrasonsgraphy in equine limbs. On the other hand recording some locomotor disorders in these animals after clinical, physical and ultrasonographic examination. The study was carried out in both clinics of Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University and Mashtul El-Souk Veterinary Training Center, in addition to admitted private cases around these areas.
A total number 146 equine species, divided into 2 groups were included in the present study. Group (I): was carried out on five apparently healthy donkeys especially their limbs specimens, ultrasonographic examination was performed on the different structures of the limb including; tendons, ligaments, joints, muscles and bursae of both fore and hind limbs.
The performing anatomical study in the present study was carried to determine the acoustic window and also the zoning system for the different examined areas of the limbs in donkeys and confirm the findings with the ultrasonographic images.
Group (ІІ): was carried out on a total number of (141) animals suffer from different musculoskeletal surgical affections (71 donkeys, 41 horses and 29 mules). The animals before ultrasonographic investigation were put under thorough clinical examination and tranquilized. The area to be examined was clipped and shaved thoroughly then a coupling gel was applied.
Results of the anatomical study of healthy donkeys revealed that the anatomic structures in the frozen specimens were similar to those described in standard anatomy texts. Results of sonographic examination of healthy donkeys revealed that the gross anatomy was correlated well with the ultrasonographic images.
The flexor tendons and ligaments have characteristic sonographic appearance and shapes which are the basis for diagnosing tendon or ligament injuries. Oblique probe angles cause one or both flexor tendons to appear overly dark, resembling a lesion, it is critical to bear this in mind during the course of an ultrasound examination.
Ulrasonography as used in this study was found to be a useful modality for evaluating the status of soft tissues of the equine distal limbs. Because of ultrasound beneficial sensitivity in detecting an interface between two soft tissues of differing acoustic impedance, not only aided in identifying specific soft-tissues structures, but also provided some appreciation for the internal composition of the tissues. Thus diagnostic ultrasound has an application in diagnosing clinical problems involving tendons and ligaments. It also aids in differentiating fluid from soft-tissue proliferation in tendon sheaths and joints.
Following up of tendon healing ultrasonograms, play a crucial role in the reevaluation of tendon injury. The ultrasonogram may confirm healing, or demonstrate lesion progression.
Deeper joint structures may not be visualized, therefore is not always possible to image the entire articular surface of a joint
Ulrasonography appears to be ideal to evaluate the soft tissues structures surrounding articular regions e.g., the equine carpus. Based on our finding in normal donkeys, ultrasonography appears to be very helpful to further characterize lesions in equine with carpal soft tissue abnormalities.
Ultrasound requires some careful training to become familiar with the sonographic appearance of the stifle. Ultrasound differentiated cartilage from subchondral bone, which may be useful to detect early or small lesions in cases of osteochondrosis.
There is a wide variation in appearances of deep muscle pathologic changes, and a large degree of overlap exists between the appearance of abscesses, hematomas, myositis, and neoplasia.
Ultrasonography was found to be a useful aid for evaluating the soft tissue affection of different equines species. Ultrasonographic diagnosis has been proved to be highly popular as an easy, safe, rapid, non invasive and non harmful technique to either the operator or the patient.
Ultrasonography represents an easily available technique complementary to radiography and routinely used to assess soft tissues of the foot. Diagnostic ultrasound is the gold standard of diagnostic tests.
from the proceeding results, it can be concluded that ultrasonography is an accurate non-invasive and non harmful technique to either the operator or the patient in the diagnosis of some locomotor disorders. The anatomical study of some tendons, ligaments, joints and foot by ultrasound is taken as a reference value.