الفهرس 
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Abstract
Conclusion
The purpose of any research is to discover what the researcher did not expect. As a matter of fact, I expected that Wells would be more understanding and tolerant with the Jews than Abdel Qudoos, however the study in most of the cases found out the opposite. Chapter one of the thesis concludes that Wells sees three types of the Jewish character; the British Jew, the Romanian and the Polish Jew who lives in the British society and the third type is the Russian Jew. The first type does not feel a sense of belonging to the English society and he does not sympathize with the British people. British Jews do not feel responsibility or carry out any duties in England. Some of these Jewish characters also devote themselves to achieve special dream. They send their money and their youth to Palestine for political reasons. The second type, the Polish and the Romanian Jewish characters are considered foreigners in the British society because of their refusal to assimilate into the society. They are frightened, curious and corrupted. They are more similar to the traditional Jewish characters in the British literature than to the first type of Jewish characters. The Russian Jewish characters are typical traditional Jews. They are dirty people and the Christian Russian characters persecute them. In their talk, the Jewish characters depend on the two bases of the Jewish propaganda: praising their abilities and their contribution to the human heritage and modern life, then attacking the gentiles and showing them as inferior peoples.
It is obvious that the Jewish characters in Wells’s fiction are acting against Britain and the British people. They distort the beautiful places of the country. In their speeches they criticize the British literature and philosophy. They also turn a promising English scientist into a criminal. The Jewish characters do their best to express their hatred towards the Christian characters and societies in Britain and in Russia.
In addition, in Wells’s fiction the Jewish–Christian conflict has two different faces. Inside Britain, the ugly, hateful and provoking Jews are met by calm, patient English characters. In most of the situations the English characters are self-controlled. However, in a different setting, in Russia, Jews collect the bitter fruits of their hatred and aggressive actions against the gentile characters. The Russian Christians persecute the Jewish characters while the British character plays the role of the mediator and the defender of the Jews. This role is seen as parallel to that of the British government in supporting Zionists in the occupied Palestine. At the end of this chapter the study reveals that Wells could give a comprehensive British point of view through minor incidents and minor Jewish characters in his novels, The Invisible Man, Tono-Bungay and The Research Magnificent.
Chapter two of the thesis comes out with the result that in the fiction of Abdel Qudoos most of the Jewish characters believe in the establishment of Israel. However, although many of them immigrate to Israel, some of them leave Israel to their countries or to America after discovering that they were deceived. Zionism and Israel stand behind the tragedies of these Jewish characters and the tragedies of the Arab characters in Palestine and Egypt.
The Zionistic conspiracies beside the atrocities and the crimes that Israel commits against the Arabs ignite the Arab-Jewish struggle. The Zionists in Israel frighten and scare the Arab civilian characters; Jewish characters humiliate and beat the prisoners, they murder the civilians as well as rape the women by force. The Jewish characters also exile the Arabs after occupying their cities. However, the Arab characters from different countries in Abdel Qudoos’s fiction show efficient resistance and integration in the face of the Zionists. Peace is not a successful solution of the Arab–Zionistic struggle in the fiction of Abdel Qudoos. The Egyptian character refuses normalization with Israel.
It is remarkable that in Abdel Qudoos’s fiction the Jewish characters have social and human relations with the Egyptian Muslims. Through these unsuccessful relations Abdel Qudoos depicts irritated community of strangers in the Egyptian society especially after the breaking out of the Arab- Zionistic struggle. The Jewish characters could hardly be natural sides in their mixed relationships such as neighbourhood, friendship, love and marriage or in mixed family relations with Muslims.
The particulars that Abdel Qudoos gives about the Jewish prayers, festivals and prohibitions show how the Jews were a different religious group of people in the Egyptian society; they were aliens who could not really assimilate into the society. These events indicate the Jewish characters’ commitment to their religion and add to the whole picture of the Jewish question in Abdel Qudoos’s fiction.
The last chapter of the thesis concludes that in their view of the Jewish question, Wells and Abdel Qudoos are sometimes quite similar but in most of the times they are extremely different. There are five points of comparison between the two writers’ expression of that question. The points of similarities are related to the fact that the Jews in the Arab world and in Britain sometimes have the same nature of the alien community of minority in a society of gentiles. Meanwhile the differences between the two writers’ tackling of the question depend on the cultural, social, religious and the political differences between them and their societies.
In Wells’s fiction the main aspect of the Jewish question is the mutual hatred between the Christians and the Jews. Sometimes this hatred is developed to be an intention and an action to damage the other. The causes behind the Jewish question in this fiction are racism, religion and the differences of culture.
The main cause of the Jewish question in Abdel Qudoos’s fiction is the occupation of Palestine and its aspects are the mutual hatred and four tragic wars during which the Jews commit terrible crimes against the Arabs. The Jewish characters in Abdel Qudoos’s works do not suffer any persecution because of their religion. Only when they evoke the hatred of the uneducated low classes they face some attacks as in I Am a Free Girl.
In his portrayal of the Jewish characters Abdel Qudoos adopts a balanced point of view while Wells depicts traditional Jewish characters. In the works of Abdel Qudoos the Jewish characters are not always ugly or stupid. Some of them are very beautiful women and quite handsome men and most of them are shrewd. At the same time Muslim characters are not always good, some Muslim characters are as materialistic and as corrupt as the Jews. The ugly Jews are only the aggressive and the Zionists, while in Wells’s fiction the Jewish characters are generally, ugly, dirty and stupid. They are cowards and greedy money lenders.
It is noteworthy to mention that the theme of the Jewish question has shown some development in the fiction of Wells and Abdel Qudoos. However, this development is in different directions, and the motives of the development are likewise different. Wells’s expression of the Christian–Jewish conflict developed from the face to face physical struggle inside England in The Invisible Man through the vocal arguments in a voyage to the African coast in Tono-Bungay to a Russian Christian pogrom against the Jews of Kief in The Research Magnificent. In this late stage the British character Benham plays the role of the defender and the ally of the Jews. In this development, Wells was motivated by the increasing power of the Jews in England and in the world in his time.
On the other hand the breaking out of the Arab-Zionistic struggle was the main factor behind the development of Abdel Qudoos’s view of the Jewish question. In his early works the Jewish characters lived peacefully with the Egyptian characters in I Am a Free Girl. Later, they are turned to be killers and ugly invaders in the short stories of his volume, The Defeat was Named Fatimah.
Both Wells and Abdel Qudoos used the technique of the dialogue to give the Jewish characters the chance to express their own point of view. Especially in The Research Magnificent and in Tono-Bungay the Jewish characters have long dialogues to talk about the Jewish question and about the gentiles. Abdel Qudoos is shown to be more generous with his Jewish characters when he gives them the chance to have dialogues with the Egyptian characters and Jew–Jew dialogue. Moreover, in Abdel Qudoos’s fiction the Jewish characters have monologues in which they think quite freely and frankly as the Jewish character of Lossian in Do Not Leave Me Here Alone.
Finally, it is quite obvious that the two writers are entirely different in the angle through which they look in their works at the Jewish question. While Abdel Qudoos tackles the question only through its political and social aspects such as the crimes of Israel and the social relations of the Jewish characters, Wells uses Biblical stories and characters in his approach to the Jewish question, in addition to the problems of the Jewish characters in the English society and in Russia.
The study recommends that the scholars and the researchers in the field of comparative literature should do more efforts in studying the literary phenomena that connect the Arab literature with the international literatures. This will help our writers and critics to develop their works and to gain the attention of the famous literary organizations, critics and the well known writers in the world.
More studies on the works of art that focus on the Jews and the Zionists will highlight the points of view of all the nations about the Jews in their societies. Such studies will remind the peoples of Europe of the nature of the Jews and their troublesome history with the European societies throughout the 19th and the 20th centuries. They will also give us the views of the others about the Jews, which in most of the cases support ours.
Arab novelists, poets and playwrights should imitate Ihsan Abdel Qudoos and focus on the important issues of the Arab world. In their works they have to discuss our urgent problems such as the problems of Palestine and Iraq beside our social and economic problems.