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Abstract 1,. IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL TENURE ON PATIERNS OF FARM PRODUCTION IN KALUBIA GOVERNORATE SUMMARY The fragmented landholding feature in Kalubia Governorate is due to the narrow strip of agricultural land distributed among a tremendous number of holders. For example, holders of less than a feddan each reach 69.3% of total landholders and their holdings constitute not more than 40.6% of total agricultural land in Kalubia while holders of less than 5 feddans each reach 97.3% of total land holders and their holdings constitute not more than 82.9% of total agricultural land while holders of more than 10 feddans each do not exceed 0.9% of total holders and their holdings represent about 8.3% of total agricultural land in Kalubia in 1988/89. In general, the average size of a land holding is about 1.2 Ieddans, On the other hand, about 66% of agricultural land is cultivated by owners and about 34% is rented. The problem of agricultural tenure effect agricultural production pattt~rns in Kalubia Governorate. The variation of the agricultural production efficiency of crops, vegetables and fruits production depend upon patterns of production scales and tenure system. The variation of economic efficiency for said crops is due to farm scales and tenure patterns, accordingly the problem of this research is due to the range and degree of the different effects of type and size of agricultural tenure and prevailing agricultural production patterns. - 2 - This research aims mainly to study the role of the prevatllng tenure structure (kind and size) in Kalubia Governorate farming system. This study includs 6 chapters, first chapter deals with the study of the regional agricultural economic structure in Kalubia Governorate. The study consists of two parts: the first studies the agricultural resources in Kalubia Governorate. The second deals with the agricultural tenure in Kalubia Governorate. The study of the first chatper is related to the agricultural resources in KaJubia Governorate. The population was 2•.5 miJJions and the area of governorate is 946 square kilometers in 1988/89. Kalubia governorate agricultural production include field crops, vegetable crops and fruit crops besides the animal production. The total cultivated area in Kalubia governorate is approximately 262370 feddans in 1988/89 fromwhich 19423.5 feddans (7496 of the total area of the governorate) is of good fertiJity Jand. The main source for irregation water in Kalubia is the River Nile. The study stressed on identifying· the ma’1>ower resources in the governorate. The study of the ag~icultura1 tenure structure is the main concern of the study is the agricultural land tenure. Tenure system and the agricultural relations. The types of tenurs are ownersship, rent and .mixed tenure. The total oomber of ownerships is 68.696, 3196, .57.1296 from the total oombers of teoores in the governorate whereas the rent teoore is 19.3-J6” 46.”2*,2’” of teoores. In the meantime the percentage of the lUmber of mixed teoore is about - 3 - 12.1%, 32.6%, 3% from the total number of tenures. Although the· precentage of the tenant cultivated area is about 53.6%, 36%, 57.8% from the total cultivated area in the governorate. The percentage of the rent tenure reached 25.8%, 24.6%, 18.7% from the total cultivated area in the governorate. T he percentage of mixed farms reached 20.6%, 39.42%, 0.1%. On the other hand, the percentage of the number of those tenures less than one feddan in Kalubia Governorate in the year 1988/89 is approximately 69.3% from the totalnumber of tenures and the percentage of these tenures is about 40.6% from the total cultivated area of the governorate. The percentage of the number of tenurs less than 5 feddans is about 97.3% from the total number of tenures and their tenure forms 82. 9% from the total cultivated area. Whereas the number of tenures with more than 10 feddans is approximately 0.9% from the total number of tenures and they own an area of approximately 8.3% from the total cultivated area of Kalubia governorate. The tenure state of the agricultural cultivated land in Kalubia Governorate is earmarked for the percentage of the cultivated area which is cultivated by the owners and reaches approximately 6696 from the total tenured cultivated area i the governorate. Whereas the persentage of cuJtivated land on rent basis is about 3496 from the total cultivated area in the governorate. This part comprises also study of the fragmentative features is the possessive structure and reveals that Toukh is the largest district in the governor~te with respect to the ••.•mber of tenures and the cultiva:ted irea followed by Benha district and at Iast (Khanka) district accorm,. to the runber of tenJres also, if+ - 5 - Using the measure of ,average product for the major crops of the sample according to the production patterns, the size and types of land tenure categories indicated that the average product of total ownership tenure, rent tenure .. combined tenure, reaches 12.8,. 13.2 and 12.0 arab for corn. This average is higher in the rent tenure compared to other tenures and is approximately 12.4, 13.3 and 13.4 ardab for the wheat. The co-tenure is the highest average product reaching approximately 7.6, 7.3 and 7.4 kentar for the cotton. It is noticed that the ownership reaching approximately 25.6, 26, 27.2 tons for bersim crop. It is noticed also that the co-tenure exceeds other types of tenures. In the vegetable production pattern, it is noticed that the average product in the tota.l tenure categories reaches in respect of carrot crop 7.9, 20.7 tons for the ownership and the co-tenure respectively and reaches approximately 193.5, 913.6 kentar for the onion crop while in the orange crop (the fruit production pattern) it amounts approximately to 6.9, 6.4, 7.5 tons in the ownership and rent tenure and co-tenure respectively. The general average product according to the type and size of tenure reaches approximately 12.9 ardab for the corn crop, 12.9 for the wheat, 7.5 kentar for the cotton 26.2 tons for the bersiem, 18.8 tons for the carrot 192 kentar for onion and 6.9 tons for orange. Applying the total average costs measure for major crops according to type and size of the land tenure, the study reveals that the total average costs for 011 tenure categories with respect to ownership, rent tenure and co-te ••.•e•. in the farm production pattern amounts to approximately L.E. 439, 373, 404 for the corn, L.E. 332, 401, 325 ·. 6 - for the wheat, 595, 352 for the bersirn. The study indicated that the highest total average costs is of the rent tenure while in the ownership and co-tenure, average cost for the vegetable production pattern reaches approximately L.E. 713 and L.E. 612 for onion, it amounts to L.E. 601, 660, 653 for the organge crop in the fruit production pattern in {the ownership, rent tenure and co-tenure} respectively. The increase of the total average cast of the rent tenure is observed. The study shows that the total costs according to type and size of tenure reaches approximately L.E. 393 for corn and L.E. 339 for wheat, L.E. 593 for the cotton, L.E. 387 for the bersim L.E. 682 for carrot L.E. 879 for onion, L.E. 604 for orange. Applying the measure of average total revenue for the major crops according to type and size of tenure. The study indicates that the average total evenue for the total tenure categories of the ownership, rent tenure and co-tenure reaches approximately L.E. 837, 871, 910 for corn crop and L.E. 1051, 1152, 1165, for wheat and L.E. 1096, 1045, 1038 for cotton, L.E. 1262~,1257, 1250 for bersirn, It is noticed that the highest value for the average of total revenue per feddan in the co-tenure system is for corn and wheat crops. While in the . ownership in for cotton and bersim. The total average revenue according to type and size of tenure amounts to approximately L.E. 871, 1106, 1070, 1255, for corn, wheat, cotton, bersim respectively in farm production pattern while the average revenue per feddan for crops of the vegetable production pattern in’ aU categories (owenership and cotenure) reaches approximately L.E. 3316, 2655 respectively for carrot· .• 7 - crop, L.E. 2156, 2270 for onion. The total average of total revenue according to type and size of tenure amounts to approximately L.Eo 3109 for carrot, L.E. 2200 for onion. The average revenue of orange crop in all categories (ownership, rent tenure, and co-tenure) is approximately L.E. 2837, 2514, 3294, it is noticed that the co-tenure excels while the general average revenue according to type and size of tenure is approximately L.E. 2837 for orange crop. Appling the average net revenue measure indicates that the average net revenue per teddan for farm production, pattern for major crops in total tenure categories amounts to L.E. 462, 429, 485 for corn and 509 for cotton L.E. 910, 793, 852, for bersim while the total average net revenue per feddan reaches approximately according to type and size of tenure L.E. 478, 767, 477, 768 for the corn, wheat, cotton and bersim respectively. The average net revenue per feddan in total categories lownership, co-tenure} in the vegetable production pattern amounts to approximately L.E. 2603, 2043 for the caroot crop, L.E. 1210, J3~)4 for onion while the total average net revenue per feddan according to type and size of tenure reaches approximately L.E. 2427 ~or carrot crop and l.E. 1321 for the onion crop. The average net revenue per feddan for orange crop in the fruit production pattern for total tenure categories (ownership, rent tenure, co-tenure) amounts to approximately L.E. 2237, 1854, 2641. The tota! average net revenue per feddan for orange crop accordlng to type and size of tenJre reaches approximately L.E. 2233. - 8 - Chapter five by using analysis of variance the study did not prove significance difference between tenure categories and average production for wheat, corn, onion, carrot and orange crops but significance difference at level of 0.0I for cotton, also the study did not prove the significance difference between tenure categories and average total revenure for all above mentioned crop. In the meantime the significance difference between tenure categories (tenure scales) and average net revenue for the onion has been proved at the significance level of 0.01 but not significant for corn.wheat, berim, carrot and orange crops. By studying the effect of tenure scales on the average variable costs per feddan and the results obained, the significance differences exists between the tenure scales (the size of tenure categories) and the average variable cost per Ieddan is proved at the level of 0.01 for corn, wheat, onion, bersim and orange crops. This means that there is a significant relation between the variation of tenure scales and the variation of variable cost per feddan for said crops in contrast to cotton, and carrot crops. The effect of tenure scales on the average revenue and the total cost a significant relation is clearly proved between the size of tenure categoris (tenure size) and the average revenue, total cost at the significant 0.05 for the corn, wheat and bersim crops. In the meantime the significant relation between size of tenure categories and the a>t’erage revenue and total cost for the cotton, carrot and orange crops Is not proved. - 9 - The significant relation is proved between tenure systems (for the cotton crop) at significance level of 0.05 in tenure category (Jess than a feddan).? By studying the effect of tenure systems (within the farm scales) on the average production. |