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Abstract SUMMARY EFFECT OF CUTTING ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SOME WINTER CEREAL CROPS This study was designed to evaluate the potentialities of three winter cerels (wheat, barley, and triticale) as dual purpose crops for forage and grain yield under different levels of nitrogen fetilization. Research experimen~were crmducted. at the Agriculural Research and Experiment Center, Faculty of Agriculture at Moshtohor, Zagazig University {Banha Branch)during the two growing seasons of 1988/89 and 1989/90. The applied treatments were: A. Three winter cereal crops: Wheat cv. Giza 155. Barley cv. Giza 121. Triticale, ARC selection. B. Nitrogen fertilization levels: 40, 80, and 120 kg N/faddan. C. Cutting and uncutting the vegetative growth of the three cereal crops at 60 days from sowing. 117 - A split split plot design was used using 4 replications having the cereal crops in the main plots. nitrogen levels in the sub plots. and foliage cutting treatments in the sub sub plots randomly distributed. The experimental unit was 10.5 sq meter (3.5 x 3.0 meter). The applied nitrogen fertilizer was ammonium sulfate (20.5% N). The assigned nitrogen amounts were applied in two equal doses. The first dose was applied before the first irrigation and the second one was applied immediately after cutting the foliage and at the Same time for the non-cut treatment as well. Sowing dates were October 27th and November 27th in 1988/89 and 1989/90 growing seasons. Results could be summarized as follows: A. Effect of nitrogen application levels on the Characteristics of the cut forage material: 1. Increasing nitrogen levels caused a continuous increase in the height of wheat, barly, and triticale plants with a significant difference for wheat and triticale only in the first season. 2. Number of tillers/sq.n:eterof the three cereal crops was slightly increased as the nitrogen level increased from 20 to 60 Kg/faddan. The differences ~. ----- ------~ ..._-- 118 did not reach the level of significance in the two seasons. 3. Forage yield of the cut vegetative growth for the three cereal crops ranked as follows: Barley> Triticale> wheat. Significant differences were obtained in the second season. 4. There was a significant .increase in the forage yield of the cut vegetative growth as the nitrogen application level increased from 20 to 40 and up to 60 kg/faddan in the two studied seasons with different magnitudes. 5. Dry yield of the cut vegetative growth was similar to forage yield. Barley was the highest followed by triticale. then wheat. This was true in the two seasons with no significant differences. Results proved the advntages of barley than triticale and triticale than wheat in producing the higher fresh and dry forage yield of the cut vegetative growth. 6. Significant increases in the dry yield of the cut forage material were obtained by increasing nitrogen level from 20 to 60 kg/faddan causing an increase of 37.2 and 46.3~ in the first and second season~,respectively. 7 . .& sign if icant inc rease in Ieaf a rea/tUler due to the increase in nitroge~ level was obtained in triticale ----_._~~_._-~~-_._--- ------ 119 in the first season and barley in the second season. 8. Leaf area index of triticale increased significantly as the nitrogen application level increased from 20 up to 60 kg/faddan. However, this increase was not • significant for wheat and barley in the seasons. B. Effect of foliage cutting and nitrogen application levels on the regrowth behaviour for grain yield production: 1. Height of the three cereal plants was slightly icreased by increasing the applied nitrogen level with a significant increase only for triticale in the first season. Also, cutting the foliage significantly reduced the height of wheat, barley and triticale with significant differences in the two seasons. This reduction ranged from 6.45 to 27.45%depending on the crop and the season. 2. . Number of spikes/sq meter was increased as the nitrogen application level increased from 40 to 120,kg/ faddan by18.6 and 31.7 I in the first and second seaso~ respectively, with a significant difference for wheat in the second one •• Cutting the vegtative growth of triticale caused a significant reduction in the number of spikes/sq meter. This rduction was about • - 120- 20.3 and 15.954% in the first and second season respectively. Similar significant reduction in yield was obtained for wheat in the first season and for barley in the second season. >. Length of spike was increased by 7.7 and 14.4% in the first and .second seaoons, respectively as the nitrogen level increasd from 40 to 80 kg/faddan with significant differences in the second season. Slight insignificant inc rea ses ins p ike 1eng t h were 0 bt a ined w hen nit rag en level increased from 80 to 120 kg/faddan. Cutting the vegetative growth caused a significant reduction in spike length of wheat by 12.8 and 15.4% in the first and second se asons, respectively. Also, significant reduction in spike length was obtained for barley and triticale in the first and second seasons respectively , when the vegetative growth was cut. ’4 . Resu 1ts showed a slight ins ign if icant inc rea ses in weight of wheat, barley, and triticale spikes as the nitrogen application increased from 40 to 80 and up to 120 kg/ fad, expect for wheat in the first season where the difference was significant when applying 120 Kg N/fad. compared to 40 kg/faddan. Cutting the vegetative growth decreased the weight of spikes of wheat, barley, and triticale significantly in the two seasons, except for wheat in the first season. 121 - 5. The increase in weight of grains/spike by increasing nitrogen application level from 40 to 120 kg/faddan was significaDt only for wheat in the first season. However, cutting the vegetative growth caused a significant reduction in the weight of grains/ spike ranged from\oJl to30.-5% in the three cereal crops except for wheat in the second season and barley in the first sea son where the differences were not significant. 6. Number of grains/spike increased significantly in barley as the nitrogen level increased from 40 to 80 and from 40 to 120 kg/faddan in the two seasons. A similar trend was obtained for wheat in the second season. Cutting the vegetative growtn significantly reduced the number of grains/spike of the three cereal crops within a rangeof 10.8-13.4~ in the two seasons, except for b.arley in the first season where the differences were not significant. 7. There was a slight insignificant increase in the wei~ht of 1000 grains of wheat, barley, and triticale as the nitrogen level increased from 4~ to 80 and up to 120 kg/fad. in the two seasons. Weight of 1000 grains of barley was reduced significantly by 6.4~ when the vegetative growth was cut compared with the uncut treatment in the two ~--,.- ... ---- - 122- seasons. Th is reduction was general for wheat and triticale but the difference was not significant except for triticale in the first season where the difference was significant. 8. Triticale produced the highest grain yield followed by wheat, then barley with a significant difference between triticale and barley only in the second season. The grain yield was gradually increased as nitrogen application level increased with no significant difference in the two seasons. However, cutting the vegetative growth reduced the grain yield significantly by 25.2 and 28.9% in the first and second seasons, respectively. 9. Slight tendency was noticed for triticale to produce the heaviest straw yield. followed by barley, then wheat in the two seasons with no significant difference Increasing the nitrogen level from 40 to 80 kg/faddan increased straw yield by 3.6 and 8’.2 inthefirst and second seasons respectively with significant difference in the second one. Also cutting the vegetative growth significantly reduced the straw yield by 35.7 and 34.2% in the first and second seasons, respectively. compared to the uncut treatment. ---_._.-.~~- 123 - 10. Biological yield behaved similarly as the straw yield, where triticale was the highest followed by barley, then wheat with no significant difference.. The highest nitrogen application level caused a significant increases in the biological yield in the two seasons compared to the lowest level (40 kg/faddan). Also, cutting the vegetative growth reduced the biological yield significantly by 32.8 and 33.2% in the first and second seasons, respectively compared to the uncut treatment. 11. Triticale produced the highest yield in cereal units (30.48), then barley (28.49), followed by wheat (27.23) in the first season, corresponding to 28.94, 26.52, and 25.60 cereal unit yield in the second season, with no significant difference. This order matching real well with the obtained grain yield, straw yield, and the biological yield. Increasing nitrogen level from 40 to 120 Kg/fad. significantly increased the cereal:unit yield by 16.9 and 22.2~ in the first and second seasons, respectively. Results showed that barley has the highest cereal unit yield when the v~getative growth was cut, while the uncut treatment produced the lowest cereal unit yield with significant difference of 40.8 and 32.7~ in the first and second seasons, respectively. This trend was ---- ------- 124 - repeated wi th d i t f e r-ences of 9.7 and 7.7% for wheat and 11.62 and 7.9% for triticale in the first and second seasons, respectively. 12. The applied nitrogen levels did not show any significant effect on the harvesting index of wheat, barley, and triticale in the two growing reasons. Cutting the vegetative growth of wheat produced significant increases in its harvest index compared with the uncut treatment in the first and second seasons. The respective increase in harvesting index was 15.00 and 10.39%. Meanwhile. cutting the vegetative growth slightly increased the harvesting index of barley and triticale with insignificant differences in the two seasons except for barley in the first one. |