الفهرس Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 173 |  |  |
| | | from | 173 | | |
Abstract
The surgical conditions affecting the external natural body orifices and its surrounding structures are numerous including congenital and acquired affections. These conditions affect adversely the general health condition of the animal as it causing disruption of the important biological processes in the body. In the present study, a total number of 954 domestic animals of different species (239 donkeys, 67 horses, 2 mules, 321 cows, 145 buffaloes, 56 sheep and 124 goats) suffering from different surgical conditions of the external natural orifices and its surrounding structures was recorded. The surgical conditions of the oral cavity and its surrounding structures represented about 35.7% of the encountered surgical conditions along this study. Meanwhile, the surgical conditions of the teat orifices and their surrounding structures were recorded in 29.4% of the encountered surgical conditions. However, the surgical conditions of the nostrils, perpetual orifice and anus and vulva and their surroundings represent 14.7 %, 4% 3.2% and 13% respectively. The surgical conditions of the natural body orifices were highly recorded in cows that represented 33.6% of the recorded cases. However, it was 25.4%, 15.2%, 13%, 7%, 5.9% and 0.3% in donkeys, buffaloes, goat, horses, sheep and mules respectively. The results of the present study revealed that the surgical conditions affecting the oral cavity and its related structures were recorded in 341 cases (159 donkeys, 36 horses, 50 cows, 40 buffaloes, 24 sheep and 32 goats). These conditions include oral masses (8 cases), stomatitis and gingivitis (98 cases), oral foreign bodies (2 cases) and wounds and ulcerations (51 cases). The dental affections include diastasis dentium (37 cases), rotation of the teeth (12 cases), oligodontia (5 cases), polydontia (3 cases), brachygnathism (13 cases), sharp enamel points (28 cases), hocking (8 cases), step formed mouth (7 cases), dental tarter (28 cases), fractures (24 cases) and peridontitis (14 cases). The salivary glands affections and their ducts were recorded as salivary fistula in 2 cases and salivary calculus in one case. Most of the surgical affections of the oral cavity and related structures affected the animal health and usually associated with difficult mastication as sharp enamel point, elongated teeth, peridontitis, dental fracture with exposed pulp cavity, vesicular stomatitis, masses, wounds and ulceration of the oral cavity. These affections usually required immediate surgical interferences. Periodical rasping or cutting of the elongated enamel projection in cases of sharp enamel point, elongated teeth, hocking, parrot mouth and periodical cleaning of the oral cavity to remove the accumulated food in cases of rotation, diastasis dentium, oligodontia and polydontia was performed. Surgical conditions of the nostrils and its nearby structures were recorded in the present study in 140 cases (52 donkeys, 28 horses, 2 mules, 25 cows, 13 buffaloes, 14 sheep and 6 goats). These cases include epistaxis (18 cases), wound and lacerations of the nostrils (31 cases), compound fractures of the facial bone (2 cases), cutaneous papillomatosis (7 cases), polyps and neoplasms (3 cases), sinusitis (47 cases) and abscesses (32 cases). Radiographic examination was performed to diagnose the fractures of the facial bone and in cases of nasal and sinus neoplasms. Postmortem examination was performed in a case of nasal squamous cell carcinoma to follow the extension the masses. Ultrasonographic examination could be used efficiently to diagnose the submandibular abscesses and determine their situation either ripened or unripened. The owner should pay attention as early as possible to the nature of the nasal discharge, facial swelling and respiratory tolerance. The surgical conditions of the teat orifice and its surrounding structures were recorded in 281 cases (196 cows, 61 buffaloes, 22 goats and 2 donkeys). These conditions include contracted teat orifice (13 cases), enlarged teat orifice (2 cases), aplasia of udder quarter (one case) and imperforated hypoplastic teat orifice (one case), teat stenosis and obstruction (43 cases), wound and lacerations (34 cases), teat cracks (12 cases), teat fistula (3 cases). Moreover, papilloma (4 cases), supernumerary teats (87 cases), thelitis (58 cases), teat gangrene (5 cases), gangrenous mastitis (10 cases) and teat abscess (8 cases) were also recorded. The acquired affections of the teats and udder are commonly attributed to traumatization and secondary bacterial invasions. Ultrasonography was effectively used in the diagnosis of teat stenosis to determine the size, shape and location of the teat stenosis and obstructions. Gangrenous mastitis was recorded in ten cases, one case treated medicinally and the other nine cases divided into two groups. Vascular ligation proved to be an effective, quick, safe, and less expensive technique for mastectomy in goats. Ligation of udder vasculature was less traumatic than surgical amputation and the stress on the patient was minimal. In addition, it is the technique of choice for treating Caprine gangrenous mastitis, especially in goats with a broad, diffuse attachment between the body wall and the udder. Surgical conditions of preputial orifice and its surroundings were recorded in 38 cases (35 goats, 2 donkeys and a bull). These cases include traumatic balanoposthitis (one case), cutaneous papilloma (one case), hematoma (one case), dilatation of the penile urethra (23 cases) and pseudohermaphrodite (12 cases). Traumatic balanoposthitis was treated successfully by surgical phallectomy with minor dehiscence without any consequence. Surgical conditions of the anus and vulva and their surroundings were recorded in 154 animals (24 donkeys, 2 horses, 49 cows, 31 buffaloes, 18 sheep and 30 goats). First degree perineal laceration was recorded in 5 cows. Third degree perineal lacerations were recorded in 10 cows that divided into 3 groups. Group A (3 cases) treated surgically by two-stage technique, group B (4 cases) treated by single stage technique using Catgut, and group C (3 cases) treated by single stage using Vicryl. The use of single stage technique using Vicryl® gave better results for correction of third-degree perineal lacerations in comparison with the two stage technique or the single stage technique using Cat gut. The relatively low incidence of postoperative problems and the benefit of performing the entire surgery in one stage make the use of six-bite vertical mattress sutures an excellent procedure for repair of third degree perineal lacerations. In addition, the use of Vicryl suture material has fewer postoperative inflammation and subsequent less postoperative straining and complications over the use of chromic catgut. Rectal prolapse was recorded in 13 cases. Recent mucosal prolapse recorded in 8 cases (group A) and treated by manual reduction and retention. Old rectal prolapse with necrotized mucosa that protruded less than 15 cm from the anal opening were recorded in 3 cases (group B) and treated surgically by mucosal resection technique. Rectal prolapse with severely necrotized mucosa or protruded from the anus more than 15 cm were recorded in 2 cases (group C) and treated by rectal amputation. The mucosal resection technique has several advantages over complete amputation. Of these advantages; the adventitia is not exposed so the possibilities of peritonitis and pararectal abscess are decreased. Moreover, the rectal arteries are not involved that reduced postoperative straining and the rectal lumen is less constricted, there is no loss of healthy tissues so healing is more rapid. Rectovaginal fistulae were recorded in three cattle (2 cows and one heifer) and treated surgically using a recent technique described after Schonfelder and Sobiraj (2004). This technique (vaginal mucosal pedicle flap technique) aims for tension-free closure of rectovaginal fistula. The use of rotational flap of the vaginal tissue offers distinct advantages over conventional appositional techniques for repair of rectovaginal fistula in cows. The other surgical conditions were recorded in the perineal region as perineal squamous cell carcinomas (3 cases), vaginal and uterine prolapses (61 cases), atresia ani and /or recti (17 cases), stenotic anal opening (one case), congenital fusion of vulvar lip (one case), abscesses (8 cases), wounds and laceration in the perineum (31 cases) and Bartholin’s gland cyst (one case). It is suggested that the veterinarians as well as the farmers should pay regular attention to the perineum of farm animals as a routine husbandry, which allow early diagnosis, correction in the appropriate time, and avoidance of subsequent complications.